RatCAP: Miniature Wearable PET-Scanner for Rats

Researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory and Stony Brook University have developed a wearable, portable PET scanner for rats. The system makes it possible to simultaneously study brain function and behavior in fully awake, moving animals. The device and its validation are described in an article in the April 2011 issue of Nature Methods. From the press release:

“Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool for studying the molecular processes that occur in the brain,” said Paul Vaska, head of PET physics at Brookhaven with a joint appointment at Stony Brook, who led the development of the portable scanner together with Brookhaven colleagues David Schlyer and Craig Woody. PET studies in animals at Brookhaven and elsewhere have helped to uncover the molecular underpinnings of conditions such as drug addiction.
But studying animals with PET has required general anesthesia or other methods to immobilize the animals. “Immobilization and anesthesia make it impossible to simultaneously study neurochemistry and the animals’ behavior — the actions resulting from what goes on in the brain,” Schlyer said. “Our approach was to eliminate the need for restraint by developing a PET scanner that would move with the animal, thus opening up the possibility of directly correlating the imaging data with behavioral data acquired at the same time.”

After several years of development, the scientists have arrived at a design for a miniature, portable, donut-shaped PET scanner that can be “worn” like a collar on a rat’s head for simultaneous studies of brain function and behavior. Weighing only 250 grams, the device — dubbed RatCAP, for Rat Conscious Animal PET — is counterbalanced by a system of springs and motion stabilizers to allow the animal significant freedom of movement. Measurements of the rats’ stress hormones indicated only moderate and temporary increases.
“Rats wearing the device appear to adapt well and move freely about their environment,” Woody said.
To validate the use of the wearable scanner for simultaneous studies of brain function and behavior, the scientists conducted tests with 11C-raclopride, a commonly used PET radiotracer, which incorporates a radioactive, positron-emitting isotope of the element carbon. When the positrons interact with electrons in ordinary matter, they immediately annihilate one another, emitting back-to-back gamma rays. Detectors in the circular PET scanner pick up the signals from these back-to-back gamma rays to identify the location and concentration of the tracer in the body.
The tracer 11C-raclopride binds to receptors for dopamine, a brain chemical involved in movement, reward, and memory formation. A higher signal from the tracer means that less natural dopamine is in that particular part of the brain; a low signal indicates that that particular part of the brain has released dopamine (which binds to its receptors, thus blocking the tracer from binding).
The main test was to see if the wearable scanner could be used to correlate dopamine levels with behavior — in this case, the rats’ activity (i.e., movement) within their chambers. Surprisingly the level of activity was inversely related to dopamine levels — that is, the more active the animals were, the lower the level of dopamine (as indicated by a stronger tracer signal).
“This is perhaps a counterintuitive result because behavioral activation is typically associated with an increase in dopamine release,” said Daniela Schulz, a Brookhaven behavioral neuroscientist and lead author of the paper. “So our method provides data which may challenge traditional paradigms and ultimately improve our understanding of the dopamine system.”