Yeast cells are one of the many workhorses of industrial pharma; they produce many of the drugs we use today, notably antibodies and enzymes. A new study published in Biotechnology and Bioengineering by Kerry Love of MIT and others may lead to techniques which allow drug-manufacturers to select the strains with the highest productivity, increasing the yield and rate of drug production. They found that the rate of production of yeast should not be assumed to be homogeneous, and that there may be ways to pick out the best strains for the job.
From MIT:
Love and his colleagues studied a strain of yeast known as Pichia pastoris, which can be used to manufacture proteins including antibodies, growth factors, enzymes and erythropoietin (a hormone that controls red blood cell production). There are now 151 such proteins approved for therapeutic use in the United States or Europe. In 2008, sales of these biopharmaceuticals in the United States exceeded $45 billion, with nearly half of them produced by microbes, including yeast.
To measure yeast productivity, the researchers used a technique that Love had previously developed and used to study immune cells, specifically B cells, called microengraving. The technique allows researchers to look at the quantities of proteins released by single cells.
To do this, they place cells into individual wells arranged in a lattice pattern on a soft rubber surface. Borrowing from an artistic engraving technique used for printmaking, the researchers use that array of cells to “print” the proteins produced by the cells onto the surface of multiple identical glass slides. By measuring how much protein each cell “prints” onto the slides, the researchers can determine the productivity of individual cells.
The yeast in the study were engineered to produce a fragment of a human antibody molecule, but the researchers were surprised to find that a subset of the yeast population (about 35 percent) did not secrete measureable amounts of protein.
“At any given time, there’s a large fraction of the culture that does not contribute to the overall yield,” says Kerry Routenberg Love, a postdoctoral associate in chemical engineering and lead author of the paper.
Intrigued, the researchers ran a longer study, over an eight-hour period, and identified three subpopulations among the cells: those that secrete very little protein over this time, those that secrete consistently high quantities, and those that fluctuate between states of high and low productivity.
Because the yeast used in the study (and in drug manufacturing) are genetically identical, genetic differences cannot account for the discrepancies in productivity. Instead, the difference appears to be epigenetic — meaning that it involves differences in the processing that the proteins undergo after they are assembled, such as protein folding and secretion from the cell.
Article Abstract from Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Integrated single-cell analysis shows Pichia pastoris secretes protein stochastically
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