Researchers from Salk Institute for Biological Studies have created a methodology to repopulate the livers of immunodeficient mice with human hepatocytes. The new development should allow researchers to test liver disease therapies on animal models before moving to clinical trials.
Salk Institute explains the implications of its human-mice chimeric liver research:
Host-pathogen specificity is both a blessing and a curse-preventing widespread infection but making successful treatments harder to find. For example, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C can only infect humans and chimpanzees, and although this species barrier prevents us from being susceptible to every infection out there, the flipside is that finding treatments for human infections can be extremely difficult.
This is particularly true when it comes to liver infections. The usual approach is to grow human cells in a dish, to infect and try to treat them there, but this is not possible with liver cells or hepatocytes. “Human hepatocytes are almost impossible to work with as they don’t grow and are hard to maintain in culture,” explains senior author Inder Verma, Ph.D., a professor in the Laboratory of Genetics and holder of the Irwin and Joan Jacobs Chair in Exemplary Life Science.
And since small animals cannot be infected with Hepatitis C, they cannot be used to test drugs that may cure this disease. What’s more, species differences mean that drugs that appear to be effective and non-toxic in animal models sometimes prove to be toxic to humans, and vice versa. Mice whose own hepatocytes have been replaced with human liver cells provide a solution to all these hurdles.
Explains Verma, “This robust model system opens the door to utilize human hepatocytes for purposes that were previously impossible. This chimeric mouse can be used for drug testing and gene therapy purposes, and in the future, may also be used to study liver cancers.”
The Salk team had previously generated a mouse with a partially “humanized” liver, but wanted to improve their method to achieve almost complete transformation. They use a special mouse that has liver problems of its own, but whose problems can be kept in check with a drug called NBTC. Taking away NBTC allows human hepatocytes to take hold and populate the mouse liver with human cells.
The team perfected this system so that nearly 95% of the liver cells are of human origin, but the important question was whether they would behave like a human livers. To test this, the researchers exposed the mice to Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C and found that, unlike normal mice, which are resistant to these viruses, the chimeric animals developed the disease.
More importantly, using pegylated interferon alpha 2a-the standard treatment for Hepatitis C-the researchers showed that the “humanized” liver inside the mouse responds just like a normal human liver. The team also tested additional experimental drugs and found that they too behaved as they did in humans.
Press release: The mouse with a human liver: a new model for the treatment of liver disease …
Article in The Journal of Clinical Investigation: Human liver chimeric mice provide a model for hepatitis B and C virus infection and treatment
