A team of European researchers discovered a set of 60 sRNA’s (small ribonucleic acids) that are responsible for gene regulation within the pesky ulcer causing Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Until now it was not clear where gene regulation came from in this bacteria.
The decoding of the H. pylori genome in 1997 revealed this pathogen to possess surprisingly few genes for transcriptional regulators, sparking a number of crucial questions: Where do the genes of Helicobacter start, and how are these switched on and off? Have all genes been discovered already?
Researchers have been searching for new types of gene regulators in this pathogen, especially for sRNAs. It has recently been realized that these tiny RNA particles are far more abundant in all organisms than previously thought. They can regulate genes by binding to sequences of the genetic information, thereby inhibiting the production of a protein. Yet strangely enough, sRNAs seemed to be lacking in Helicobacter. Jörg Vogel, leader of the RNA Biology Group at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, and his team have finally tracked down a number of sRNAs in the pathogen. To enable their discovery, they modified a technique called “deep sequencing”, to decipher millions of RNA-sequences newly produced in a cell. The surprised scientists found 60 sRNAs: “To date, it was believed that this organism completely lacks sRNAs”, says Vogel.
“We found as many sRNAs in Helicobacter as in widespread intestinal bacteria like Escherichia coli or Salmonella”, explains Vogel. But a very important protein required for the regulation of gene expression by sRNAs is missing in Helicobacter pylori. The stomach pathogen possibly uses different signalling pathways, which makes it a possible candidate as a model in RNA-research. “We hope to get completely new insights into gene regulation”, says Vogel.
Thanks to the novel technique, the researchers could also define the starting point of every gene in Helicobacter.
Abstract in Nature: The primary transcriptome of the major human pathogen Helicobacter pylori
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