The search for an HIV vaccine has been a long and difficult one, full of frustrations and limited results. Scientists have spent years trying all sorts of tricks to cajole anti-HIV antibodies to effectively stop the virus from spreading. Now Caltech researchers may have come upon a fact that may explain why this has been so difficult. Turns out it has something to do with the length between binding sites of the antibodies and the separation of the proteins they target.
Caltech reports:
Y-shaped antibodies are best at neutralizing viruses–i.e., blocking their entry into cells and preventing infection–when both arms of the Y are able to reach out and bind to their target proteins at more or less the same time. In the case of HIV, antibodies that can block infection target the proteins that stud the surface of the virus, which stick out like spikes from the viral membrane. But an antibody can only bind to two spikes at the same time if those spikes fall within its span–the distance the antibody’s structure allows it to stretch its two arms.
“When both arms of an antibody are able to bind to a virus at the same time,” says Joshua Klein, a Caltech graduate student in biochemistry and molecular biophysics and the PNAS paper’s first author, “there can be a hundred- to thousandfold increase in the strength of the interaction, which can sometimes translate into an equally dramatic increase in its ability to neutralize a virus. Having antibodies with two arms is nature’s way of ensuring a strong binding interaction.”
As it turns out, this sort of double-armed binding is easier said than done–at least in the case of HIV.
In their PNAS paper, Bjorkman and Klein looked at the neutralization capabilities of two different monoclonal antibodies isolated from HIV-infected individuals. One, called b12, binds a protein known as gp120, which forms the upper portion of an HIV’s protein spike. The other, 4E10, binds to gp41, which is found on a lower portion of the spike known as the stalk.
The researchers broke each of the antibodies down into their component parts and compared their abilities to bind and neutralize the virus. They found, as expected, that one-armed versions of the b12 antibody were less effective at neutralizing HIV than two-armed versions. When they looked at the 4E10 antibody, by comparison, they found that having two arms conferred almost no advantage over having only one arm. In addition, they found that larger versions of 4E10 were less effective than smaller ones. These results highlight potential obstacles that vaccines designed to elicit antibodies similar to 4E10 might face.
But b12 has its own obstacles to overcome as well. In fact, when the researchers looked more closely at their data, they realized that the benefits of having two arms–even for b12–were much smaller than those seen for antibodies against viruses like influenza. In other words, the body’s natural anti-HIV antibodies are much less effective at neutralizing HIV than they should be.
But why?
“The story really starts to get interesting when we think about what the human immunodeficiency virus actually looks like,” says Klein. Whereas a single influenza virus’s surface is studded with approximately 450 spikes, he explains, the similarly sized HIV may have fewer than 15 spikes.
With spikes so few and far between, finding two that both fall within the reach of a b12 or 4E10 antibody–the spans of which generally measure between 12 and 15 nanometers–becomes much more of a challenge.
Full story from Caltech: Caltech Scientists Show Why Anti-HIV Antibodies are Ineffective at Blocking Infection …
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