Scientists Descibe Direct Pathways into Cell Nuclei

Ray Gavin and associates from Brooklyn College observed a previously unknown phagosome-mediated pathway that transfers materials from outside of a cell into the cell nucleus.
From a National Science Foundation statement:

It was also already known that material can migrate out of an endosome or phagosome and eventually enter the cell nucleus. But the Brooklyn College team has discovered that a phagosome and its contents can enter the cell’s nucleus, where genetic information is stored and processed…
Gavin says that these newly discovered direct pathways mean that “internalized material does not necessarily have to exit the phagosome before entering the nucleus.” Therefore, his discovery means that “one less step is needed for extracellular material to get into the nucleus, and so it is far easier than previously thought for this material to get into the nucleus.”
Eve Barak, an NSF program director, describes Gavin’s discovery as “an amazing and potentially paradigm-changing observation,” and predicts that it “will have an enormous impact on how scientists think about how cellular functions are regulated.”
Gavin has only observed direct pathways from the extracellular environment to the nucleus in the one-celled protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila…
The discovery of the pathways in the protozoan resulted from an observation made by Gavin about 10 years ago while simply watching cells through a microscope. “I am a patient and constant observer of living things,” he says. “And I watch them all the time with no agenda in mind. Some people are window gazers. They stand in front of the window and just look. I do the same with cells.”
During one of Gavin’s agenda-less cell-watching sessions, he noticed phagosomes clustered around a cell’s nucleus. “It made me wonder why the phagosomes were positioned in that way,” Gavin said. Thereafter, Gavin periodically looked for this intriguing behavior again, and occasionally glimpsed it again.
But Gavin remained unable to systematically search for phagosome clusters around nuclei until he received NSF funding in 2006 to purchase a confocal microscope, which provides three dimensional views of the cell. Just like a person would eventually find a worm hidden in an apple by repeatedly slicing through the apple, Gavin found the intruiging phagosome behavior he sought by using the confocal microscope to repeatedly obtain views that sliced clear through the cells.
Specifically, the team tracked phagosomes carry extracellular material into the cell nuclei by introducing fluorescent latex beads into the area outside of the cell. They then observed the cells phagocytose (eat) the beads, which gradually moved to the nuclei. The arrival of the phagosomes and their loads at each nucleus was marked by the illumination of the nucleus by the beads. Similarly, the researchers also labeled the cellular membrane with a fluorescent dye, and then observed the pinched off, internalized membrane move to the nucleus.

NSF: New, More Direct Pathways from Outside of Cells to Cell Nuclei Discovered …