Scientists at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston have created specialized liposomes designed to deliver short interfering RNA (siRNA) into cancer cells. In the study published in Clinical Cancer Research, the team is reporting shrinkage of ovarian cancer tumors in mice:
The mouse model experiment, featured on the cover of the journal, demonstrates a potent delivery system for short interfering RNA (siRNA) to attack cancer, says senior author Anil Sood, M.D., associate professor in the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology at M. D. Anderson.
“Short interfering RNA is a great technology we can use to silence genes, shutting down production of harmful proteins,” Sood says. “It works well in the lab, but the question has been how to get it into tumors.” Short pieces of RNA don’t make it to a tumor without being injected directly, and injection methods used in the lab are not practical for clinical use.
The research team took siRNA that targets a protein that helps ovarian cancer cells survive and spread and rolled it into a liposome – a lipid ball so small that its dimensions are measured in nanometers (billionths of a meter).
Getting the siRNA inside tumor cells is important, Sood said, because the targeted protein, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), is inside the cell, rather than on the cell surface where most proteins targeted by cancer drugs are found. “Targets like FAK, which are difficult to target with a drug, can be attacked with this liposomal siRNA approach, which penetrates deeply into the tumor,” Sood said.
Mice infected with three human ovarian cancer cell lines derived from women with advanced cancer were treated for 3-5 weeks. They received liposomes that contained either the FAK siRNA, a control siRNA, or were empty. Some mice received siRNA liposomes plus the chemotherapy docetaxel.
Mice receiving the FAK-silencing liposome had reductions in mean tumor weight ranging from 44 to 72 percent compared with mice in the control groups. Combining the FAK-silencing liposome with docetaxel boosted tumor weight reduction to the 94-98 percent range.
These results also held up in experiments with ovarian cancer cell lines resistant to docetaxel and the chemotherapy drug cisplatin.
The FAK-silencing liposome and the liposome with chemotherapy also reduced the incidence of cancer by between 20 and 50 percent in all tested cancer lines.
In addition to its anti-tumor effect, the researchers found that the therapeutic liposome attacked the tumor’s blood supply, especially when combined with chemotherapy. By inducing cell suicide (apoptosis) among blood vessel cells, the treatment steeply reduced the number of small blood vessels feeding the tumor, cut the percentage of proliferating tumor cells and increased cell suicide among cancer cells.
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