Quantum physics research done at Ohio State University on solitons, particles that behave like self-reinforcing solitary waves, might have implications for the development of artificial muscles (and possibly other technologies) for humans and robots:
Li [Ju Li, assistant professor of materials science and engineering at Ohio State -ed.] explained that each soliton is made up of an electron surrounded by other particles called phonons. Just as a photon is a particle of light energy, a phonon is a particle of vibrational energy.
The new study suggests that the electron inside a soliton can attain different energy states, just like the electron in a hydrogen atom…
The soliton’s quantum mechanical properties — including these newly discovered energy states — are important because they affect how the particle carries a charge through organic materials such as conducting polymers at the molecular level.
“These extra electronic states will have an effect — we just don’t know right now if it will be for better or worse,” he said.
Li and his longtime collaborators from MIT published their findings in a recent issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
The name “soliton” is short for “solitary wave.” Though scientists often treat particles such as electrons as waves, soliton waves are different. Ordinary electron waves spread out and diminish over time, and soliton waves don’t.
“It’s like when you make a ripple in water — it quickly spreads and disappears,” Li said. “But a soliton is a strange kind of object. Once it is made, it maintains its character for a long time.”
In fiber optics, normal light waves gradually flatten out; unless the signal is boosted periodically, it disappears. In contrast, solitonic light waves retain their structure and keep going without assistance. Some telecommunication companies have exploited that fact by using solitons to cheaply send signals over long distances.
Before solitons can be fully exploited in a wider range of applications, scientists must learn more about their basic properties, Li said. He’s especially interested in how solitons carry a charge through conducting polymers, which consist of long, skinny chains of molecules.
The tiny chains are practically one-dimensional, and this calls some strange physics into play, Li said.
In their PNAS paper, Li and MIT colleagues Xi Lin, Clemens Forst, and Sidney Yip describe a detailed calculation of what happens to solitons at a quantum-mechanical level as they travel along a chain of the organic polymer polyacetylene…
Because polymer chains tend to bend and twist as solitons pass through them, scientists have wondered whether solitons could be used to power artificial muscles for high-tech robots and devices to aid human mobility. Such muscles would be made of organic polymers, and flex in response to light or electrochemical stimulation.
“If fully understood, solitons may also be harnessed to drive molecular motors in nanotechnology,” Li said.
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