New research by a team led by scientists from the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has found that a gene variant for a bitter-taste receptor on the tongue is associated with an increased risk for alcoholism. Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) investigators have looked at receptor gene on chromosome 7 called TAS2R16 and reported their findings in the January issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics:
They found a single base variation in the TAS2R16 receptor gene that seemed to put people at an increased risk for alcoholism. In cell culture experiments, Goate found that the variant receptor produced by this gene was less responsive to bitter compounds.
“The more common variant is more sensitive to bitter tastes, and people with that variant had a lower risk of being alcohol dependent,” Goate says [Alison M. Goate, D. Phil., the Samuel and Mae S. Ludwig Professor of Genetics in Psychiatry at Washington University -ed.].
Goate hopes to replicate these findings in human taste tests, to verify that individuals with this variant also tend to be less sensitive to bitter tastes as suggested by the cell culture experiments.
As part of this investigation, Goate’s team took advantage of available genome sequence databases to speed work in identifying and studying genes on chromosome 7. She says data from the Human Genome Project allowed the investigators to more quickly recognize individual variations in genes, called polymorphisms, that can influence how a gene product or protein functions.
As part of this study, Goate’s team sequenced the TAS2R16 receptor gene in a number of individuals, but they didn’t identify genetic variants they hadn’t found already in the public databases.
The variant that increases risk of alcohol dependence was common in African Americans – where about 45 percent of those studied carried this variation in the TAS2R16 receptor gene – but rare in Caucasians – where only 0.6 percent had this variation. Although the increased incidence of the variant means a larger percentage of African Americans are at risk because of this genetic factor, the variant in the TAS2R16 receptor also significantly increased risk in those Caucasians who carried the genetic variation.
The fact that this particular genetic variation is more common in African Americans does not necessarily mean African Americans will have a higher incidence of alcoholism. The difference in the TAS2R16 gene is only one of several genetic and environmental factors involved in risk for alcoholism…
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